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Nelson H. Barbour was born in Throopsville, New York, August 21, 1824, and died in Tacoma, Washington, August 30, 1905.〔An 1870 patent application by Barbour gives his middle name as ''Horatio''. The New York Grave Index gives his name as Nelson Horatio Barbour. His middle name appears in the United States Library of Congress as ''Homer''. B. Woodcroft: Alphabetical Index of Patentees and Applicants of Patents for Invention for the year 1870, page 79. Schulz and deVienne: ''Nelson Barbour: The Millennium's Forgotten Prophet'', 2009, page 4.〕 Barbour was an influential Adventist writer and publisher, best known for his association with and later opposition to Charles Taze Russell. == Life == Barbour was the son of David Barbour and the grandson of Friend Barbour. Both the family and official documents use the spelling "Barbour" and its alternative spelling "Barber". He was related to a number of prominent New Yorkers including Dio Lewis. He attended Temple Hill Academy at Geneseo, New York, from 1839 to 1842. While at Temple Hill he also studied for the Methodist Episcopal ministry with an Elder Ferris, possibly William H. Ferris.〔Elder Ferris' probable identity with William H. Ferris is discussed in Schulz and de Vienne, ''Nelson Barbour: The Millennium's Forgotten Prophet'', pages 11–12〕 Barbour was introduced to Millerism through the efforts of a Mr. Johnson who lectured at Geneseo, in the winter of 1842. Barbour associated with other Millerites living in that area. These included Owen Crozier, William Marsh, Daniel Cogswell and Henry F. Hill. Cogswell later became president of the New York Conference of the Advent Christian Church. Hill became a prominent author associated with the Evangelical Adventists. Adventists in the Geneseo area met in Springwater to await the second coming in 1843. Their disappointment was profound, and Barbour suffered a crisis of faith. He later wrote: "We held together until the autumn of 1844. Then, as if a raft floating in deep water should suddenly disappear from under its living burden, so our platform went from under us, and we made for shore in every direction; but our unity was gone, and, like drowning men, we caught at straws."〔Barbour, N. H.: Evidences for the Coming of the Lord in 1873, Or the Midnight Cry, 1871, page 26.〕 Barbour pursued a medical career, becoming a medical electrician—a therapist who treated disease through the application of electric current, which was seen as a valid therapy at the time. He went to Australia to prospect for gold, returning via London in 1859. Barbour claimed to have preached during his time in Australia.〔''Rochester Union and Advertiser''〕 A ship-board discussion with a clergyman reactivated his interest in Bible prophecy. He consulted books on prophetic themes at the British Library and became convinced that 1873 would mark the return of Christ, based on ideas advanced by others since at least as early as 1823. Returning to the United States, Barbour settled in New York City, continuing his studies in the Astor Library. When fully convinced, he wrote letters and visited those whom he felt might best spread his message, though few were interested. Barbour became an inventor and associated with Peter Cooper, the founder of Cooper Union. He patented several inventions. By 1863 he was in medical practice, dividing his time between Auburn and Rochester, New York. He returned to London in 1864 to demonstrate one of his inventions. He used his association with other inventors and scientists to spread his end-times doctrine, and some of his earliest associates in that belief were inventors and physicians. He published something as early as 1868, though it has been lost.〔Letter from W. Valentine to Nelson Barbour and Barbour's reply: ''Herald of the Morning'', August 1875, page 47.〕 In 1871 he wrote and published a small book entitled ''Evidences for the Coming of the Lord in 1873, or The Midnight Cry'', which had two printings. Articles by Barbour also appeared in the Second Adventist press, notably the ''World’s Crisis''. As 1873 approached, various groups began advocating it as significant. Jonas Wendell led one, another centered on the magazine ''The Watchman's Cry'', and the rest were associated with Barbour. British Barbourites were represented by Elias H. Tuckett, a clergyman. Many gathered at Terry Island to await the return of Christ in late 1873. Barbour and others looked to the next year, which also proved disappointing. Led by Benjamin Wallace Keith, an associate of Barbour's since 1867, the group adopted the belief in a two-stage, initially invisible presence. They believed that Christ had indeed come in 1874 and would soon become visible for judgments. Barbour started a magazine in the fall of 1873 to promote his views, calling it ''The Midnight Cry''. It was first issued as a pamphlet, with no apparent expectation of becoming a periodical. He quickly changed the name to ''Herald of the Morning'', issuing it monthly from January 1874. In December 1875, Charles Taze Russell, then a businessman from Allegheny, received a copy of ''Herald of the Morning''. He met the principals in the Barbourite movement and arranged for Barbour to speak in Philadelphia in 1876. Barbour and Russell began their association, during which Barbour wrote the book ''Three Worlds'' (1877) and published a small booklet by Russell entitled ''Object and Manner of Our Lord’s Return''. Beginning in 1878, they each wrote conflicting views on Ransom and Atonement doctrine. By May 3, 1879, Russell wrote that their "points of variance seem to me to be so fundamental and important that... I feel that our relationship should cease." In a May 22, 1879 letter to Barbour, Russell explicitly resigned: "Now I leave the 'Herald' with you. I withdraw entirely from it, asking nothing from you . . . Please announce in next No. of the 'Herald' the dissolution and withdraw my name (assistant editor on the masthead )." In July 1879, Russell began publishing ''Zion's Watch Tower'', the principal journal of the Bible Student movement. (Several years after Russell's death, the magazine became associated with Jehovah's Witnesses and was renamed ''The Watchtower''.)〔"Proclaiming the Lord’s Return (1870-1914)", ''Jehovah's Witnesses—Proclaimers of God's Kingdom'', page 48〕 By 1883 Barbour abandoned belief in an invisible presence and returned to more standard Adventist doctrine. He had organized a small congregation in Rochester in 1873.〔Barbour discusses the move in the May 1879 Herald of the Morning.〕 At least by that year he left Adventism for Age-to-Come faith, a form of British Literalism. He changed the name of the congregation to Church of the Strangers. In later years the congregation associated with Mark Allen's Church of the Blessed Hope and called themselves Restitutionists. A photo of Nelson Barbour appeared in the Rochester Union and Advertiser in October 1895. Barbour intermittently published ''Herald of the Morning'' until at least 1903, occasionally issuing statements critical of C. T. Russell. He wrote favorably though cautiously that he was persuaded 1896 was the date for Christ's visible return, an idea that had grown out of the Advent Christian Church. The last date set by Barbour for Christ's return was 1907. By the time of his death the Rochester church numbered about fifty, with very minor interest elsewhere. In 1903 Barbour participated in a conference on Mob Spirit in America. He advocated the establishment of a predominnatly black state in the American south west. Barbour died while on a trip to the west in 1905 of "exhaustion."〔Schulz and de Vienne, citing various obituaries including the original Washington State Death Record and The Auburn, New York, Citizen of October 20, 1905.〕 After his death some of his articles from ''The Herald of the Morning'' were collected and published in book form as ''Washed in His Blood'' (1908). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Nelson H. Barbour」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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